The United States and China, 4th Revised and Enlarged Edition

John King Fairbank

    Foreword by Edwin o. Reischauer

    Preface, 1983, by John K. Fairbank

    Introduction

    1. The Chinese Scene

    The Contrast of North and South
    China's Origins
    The Harmony of Man and Nature

    PART 1: THE OLD ORDER

    2. The Nature of Chinese Society

    Social Structure
    The Peasant: Family and Kinship
    The Market Community
    Early China as an "Oriental" Society
    The Medieval Flowering
    The Gentry Class
    The Chinese Written Language--The Scholar
    Chinese Writing
    The Scholar Class
    Nondevelopment of Capitalism--The Merchant

    3. The Confucian Pattern

    Confucian Principles
    Government by Moral Prestige
    Early Achievements in Bureaucratic Administration
    The Classical Orthodoxy
    Neo-Confucianism Chinese Militarism
    Individualism, Chinese Style
    The Nondevelopment of Science

    4. Alien Rule and Dynastic Cycles

    Nomad Conquest
    The First Sino-Foreign Empires
    The Manchu Achievement
    The Nature of Chinese Nationalism
    The Dynastic Cycle

    5. The Political Tradition

    Bureaucracy
    Central Controls
    Government as Organized "Corruption"
    Law
    Religion
    Taoism
    Buddhism
    Chinese Humanism
    Folk Sects and Peasant Rebellion

    PART 2: THE REVOLUTIONARY PROCESSS

    6. The Western Invasion

    European versus Chinese Expansion
    The Arab Role
    The Ming Explorations
    Early Maritime Contact
    The Jesuit Success
    China's Impact on Europe
    The Tribute System
    The Canton System and Its Collapse
    The Treaty System
    Extraterritoriality
    The Demographic Disaster

    7. Rebellion and restoration

    The White Lotus as a Prototype
    The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
    The Taiping Religion
    Taiping Communism
    The Nien and Other Rebels
    The Restoration of Confucian Government
    "China's Response to the West" in Retrospect

    8. Reform and revolution

    The Self-Strengthening Movement
    Imperialism and Reform in 1898
    Revolutionaries versus Reformers
    Sun Yat-sen
    Liang Ch'i-ch'ao
    Dynastic Reform and Republican Revolution
    The New Nationalism
    The Revolutionary Leadership

    9. The rise of the Kuomintang

    The Search for a New Order
    The Collapse of Parliamentary Democracy
    The Republic's Decline into Warlordism
    The Growth of Urban Nationalism
    The May Fourth Movement
    The Student Movement and New Literature
    The Nationalist Revolution
    The Kuomintang-Communist Alliance
    The Nationalist Accession to Power

    10. The nanking goverment

    Political Development
    Party Dictatorship
    Rights Recovery
    The Rise of Chiang Kai-shek
    Echoes of Confucianism
    Roots of Totalitarianism
    Progress toward Industrialization
    Transportation
    Industry
    Banking and Fiscal Policy
    Public Finance
    Local Government
    The Rural Problem

    11. The Rise of the Communist Party

    Vicissitudes of the First Decade
    The Attractions of Communism
    The Comintern's Difficulties
    The Rise of Mao Tse-tung
    The Maoist Strategy
    Yenan and Wartime Expansion
    Organization of Popular Support
    Wartime Ideological Development
    The New Democracy
    Liberation

    PART 3:THE UNITED STATES AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

    12. Our Inherited China Policy

    American Expansion and Britain's Empire
    America's Role within Britain's Informal Empire
    The American Ambivalence about China
    The Evolution of the Open Door
    The Integrity of China
    The Nature of the American Interest
    America's Contribution and the Fate of Liberalism

    13. United States Policy and the Nationalist Defeat

    American Aid and Mediation
    The Nationalist Debacle
    The "Loss of China" in America
    Our Ally Taiwan

    14. The People's Republic: Establishing the New Order

    Political Control
    Coalition Government
    The Party, Government, and Army Structures
    The Mass Organizations
    Law and Security
    Economic Reconstruction
    Land Reform
    Social Reorganization
    Thought Reform
    Communism and Confucianism
    Criticism, Literary and Political
    The Korean War and Soviet Aid

    15. The Struggle for Socialist Transformation

    Collectivization of Agriculture
    The First Five-Year Plan
    The Struggles with Intellectuals and with Cadres
    China in the World Scene
    The Great Leap Forward
    The Communes


    16. The Second Revolution

    Mao and His Opponents
    The Two Approaches to China's Revolution
    The Sino-Soviet Split
    The Growth of Bureaucratic Evils
    Cadre Life
    Mao Revives the Revolution: The Socialist Education Movement
    Repoliticizing the Army
    The Cultural Revolution
    The Aftermath
    Mao Tse-tung's Monument

    17. Perspectives: China and Ourselves

    Our China Policy and the Wars in Korea and Vietnam
    New Perspectives of the 1970s
    China Today in the Light of Her Past
    Echoes of the Dynastic Cycle
    Processes of Modernization
    Problems of the New Order

    Epilogue, 1983
    Suggested Reading

    1983 Addenda to Suggested Reading

    Index to Suggested Reading

    General Index

    Credits for Illustrations

  • Cover: The United States and China, 4th Revised and Enlarged Edition

John King Fairbank was Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and Director of the East Asian Research Center at Harvard University.