Notes

1. Peden, Notes, p. 63. Return to the Introduction

2. Ibid., p. 62. Return to the Introduction

3. I am indebted to Robert Grumet for advising me of the existence of this monument. Return to the Introduction

4. Brantz Mayer, Tah-gah-jute; or Logan and Cresap: An Historical Essay (Albany: Munsell, 1867), p. iii. Return to the Introduction

5. The literary tradition of celebrating the noble but doomed savage, so well represented by Jefferson's story of Logan, has been described in Harvey Pearce, The Savages of America: A Study of the Indian and the Idea of Civilization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1953), and Alfred I. Hallowell, "The Impact of the American Indian in American Culture," in Contributions to Anthropology: Selected Papers of A. Irving Hallowell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), pp. 481-497. Return to the Introduction

6. The anthropologist Raymond Fogelson introduced and discussed the concept of the "epitomizing event" in his paper "The Ethnohistory of Events and Non-Events," Ethnohistory 36 (1989): 135-137. He suggests restricting the use of the phrase "epitomizing event" to fictional or mythical narratives. I have chosen to use this useful expression to refer as well to real events that have assumed importance to a community. Return to the Introduction

7. Peden, Notes, pp. 62-63. Return to the Introduction

8. I. D. Rupp, Early History of Western Pennsylvania (Lewisburg, Pa.: Wennawoods Publishing, 1995), Appendix, pp. 213-217. Return to the Introduction

9. The Virginia Gazette version of Logan's speech appeared in the February 4, 1775, issue (on microfilm at APS). Jefferson's account of how he became aware of the speech is found in Peden, Notes, pp. 226-229, and Peden discusses Jefferson's somewhat confused account of its provenance in a series of footnotes. James Madison seems to have been the fist to record the speech in manuscript and to see to its publication in Bradford's Pennsylvania Gazette in the issue of January 20. 1775. See Irving Brant, James Madison: Virginia Revolutionist (New York: Bobbs Merrill, 1941), pp. 281-291, and William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal, The Papers of James Madison, vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), p. 136, for the text of the Madison version. There arc substantial differences in language between the Jefferson version and the Virginia Gazette version; Jefferson clearly was using the Pennsylvania Gazette text. How Madison acquired his text and how Jefferson, some time before writing the Notes, came into possession of a copy of it may never be known. Although they were not personal friends in 1774-75, Madison came to be close to Jefferson when he served on the Governor's Council in 1779-1781 and may have given him a copy then. Return to the Introduction

10. Peden, Notes, p. 253. Return to the Introduction

11. Ibid., p. 232. Return to the Introduction

12. Which of Shikellamy's sons was Logan the orator has been a matter of dispute. Logan and Shikellamy are subjects in DAB and Bulletin 30. For further biographical information see also: Paul A. W. Wallace, Conrad Weiser, Friend of Colonist and Mohawk (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1945); Paul A. W. Wallace, Indians in Pennsylvania (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1961); and James Merrell, "Shikellamy, A Person of Consequence," in Robert Grumet, ed., Northeastern Indian Lives, 1632-1816 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996), pp. 227-257. Mayer, Tah-gah-jute, confuses James with John Logan (Tachnedorus). I am indebted to Ronald Wenning for sharing with me his essay, "Logan: Chief of the Mingoes." Logan is refered to in numerous secondary works on the history of central and western Pennsylvania. Return to the Introduction

13. Mayer, Tah-gah-jute. Brant, James Madison, discusses Mayer's handling of Clark's letter. See also Peden's comments in Notes, pp. 298-301. Return to the Introduction

14. Paul A. W. Wallace, ed., Travels of John Heckewelder in Frontier America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985), pp. 118-119. Return to the Introduction

15. Clark's letter was published in Mayer, Tah-gah-jute, pp. 149-156. Return to the Introduction

16. See Thomas P. Abernethy, Western Lands and the American Revolution (New York: Russell & Russell, 1959), pp. 113-115. Return to the Introduction

17. TJ, "A Summary View," in Peterson, Writings, p. 106. Return to the Introduction

18. Brant, Madison, p. 288. Return to the Introduction

19. Lord Dunmore's War and its antecedents and consequences have been dealt with in a number of sources. Primary documents from the Draper Collection at the Wisconsin Historical Society are available in Reuben G. Thwaites and Louise P. Kellogg, eds., A Documentary History of Lord Dunmore's War, 1774 (Madison; Wisconsin Historical Society, 1905). Excellent secondary accounts are given in Randolph C. Downes, Council Fires on the Upper Ohio (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1940), Abernethy, Western Lands, and Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). Return to the Introduction

20. J. Todd to TJ, January 24, 1781, in Boyd, Papers, vol. 1, p. 442. Return to the Introduction

21. Heckewelder's "Declaration" in Peden, Notes, pp. 249-250. Return to the Introduction

22. Donald H. Kent and Merle H. Deardorf, eds., "John Adlum on the Allegheny: Memoir for the Year 1794," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 84 (1960), pp. 471-472. Return to the Introduction

23. Jefferson's biographers, particularly Brodie, have described various aspects of his style of domestic and official behavior. Margaret Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society (New York: Scribner's, 1906), sketches Jefferson's social manner, his dinner parties, his purging of Federalists, and quotes his comment on the cabinet as "one family." Harold Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963), examines the "dark side" of Jefferson's urge to control. Return to the Introduction

24. Smith, First Forty Years, pp. 10-12. Return to the Introduction

25. Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties. Return to the Introduction

26. TJ to Short, January 3, 1793, in Peterson, Writings, p. 1004. Return to the Introduction

27. TJ to William Smith, November 13, 1787, ibid., p. 911. Return to the Introduction

28. Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 250. Return to the Introduction

29. TJ to James Monroe, November 24, 1801, ibid., p. 1097 Return to the Introduction

30. Wilcomb E. Washburn, The American Indian and the United States: A Documentary History (New York: Random House, 1973), vol. 4, p. 2556 (in Cherokee Nation vs. the State of Georgia, 1831). Return to the Introduction