God’s War
A New History of the Crusades
- List of Illustrations*
- List of Maps**
- Acknowledgements
- Preface
- Introduction: Europe and the Mediterranean
- The First Crusade
- 1. The Origins of Christian Holy War
- 2. The Summons to Jerusalem
- 3. The March to Constantinople
- 4. The Road to the Holy Sepulchre
- Frankish Outremer
- 5. The Foundation of Christian Outremer
- 6. The Latin States
- 7. East is East and East is West: Outremer in the Twelfth Century
- The Second Crusade
- 8. A New Path to Salvation? Western Christendom and Holy War 1100–1145
- 9. God’s Bargain: Summoning the Second Crusade
- 10. ‘The Spirit of the Pilgrim God’: Fighting the Second Crusade
- The Third Crusade
- 11. ‘A Great Cause for Mourning’: The Revival of Crusading and the Third Crusade
- 12. The Call of the Cross
- 13. To the Siege of Acre
- 14. The Palestine War 1191–2
- The Fourth Crusade
- 15. ‘Ehud’s Sharpened Sword’
- 16. The Fourth Crusade: Preparations
- 17. The Fourth Crusade: Diversion
- The Expansion of Crusading
- 18. The Albigensian Crusades 1209–29
- 19. The Fifth Crusade 1213–21
- 20. Frontier Crusades 1: Conquest in Spain
- 21. Frontier Crusades 2: the Baltic and the North
- The Defence of Outremer
- 22. Survival and Decline: the Frankish Holy Land in the Thirteenth Century
- 23. The Defence of the Holy Land 1221–44
- 24. Louis IX and the Fall of Mainland Outremer 1244–91
- The Later Crusades
- 25. The Eastern Crusades in the Later Middle Ages
- 26. The Crusade and Christian Society in the Later Middle Ages
- Conclusion
- Notes
- Select Further Reading
- Select List of Rulers
- Index
- * List of Illustrations
- 1. Jerusalem and its environs c. 1100 (Corbis/Uppsala University Library, Sweden/Dagli Orti)
- 2. Urban II consecrating the high altar at Cluny, October 1095 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris [Ms Lat. 17716 Fol. 91])
- 3. Peter the Hermit leading his crusaders (British Library, London [Ms Eggerton 1500 Fol. 45v])
- 4. Alexius I Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium 1081–1118 (Bridgeman Art Library)
- 5. The church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem idealized in later medieval western imagination (British Library, London [Ms Eggerton 1070 Fol. 5v])
- 6. The front cover of the Psalter of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (British Library, London [Ms Eggerton 1139])
- 7. Saladin: a contemporary Arab view (British Library, London)
- 8. The battle of Hattin, 4 July 1187: Saladin seizing the True Cross (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge [Ms 26 Fol. 140])
- 9. Frederick I Barbarossa, emperor of Germany, receiving a copy of Robert of Rheims’s popular history of the First Crusade (Scala, Florence)
- 10. Embarking on crusade, from the statutes of the fourteenth century chivalric Order of the Knot (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris [Ms Fr. 4274 Fol. 6])
- 11. Women helping besiege a city, as at the siege of Acre, 1190 (British Library, London [Ms 15268 Fol. 101v])
- 12. Joshua, in the guise of a Frankish knight, liberates Gibeon from the Five Kings, from an illuminated Bible c. 1244–54 (Piermont Morgan Library/Scala, Florence)
- 13. Military orchestra of the kind employed by Turkish, Kurdish and Mamluk commanders (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris [Ms Arabe 5847 Fol. 94])
- 14. Pope Innocent III (Scala, Florence)
- 15. Venice c. 1300 (Bodleian Library, Oxford/The Art Archive [Bodley 264 fol. 218r])
- 16. Innocent III and the Albigensian Crusade (British Library, London [Ms Royal 16 GVI Fol. 347v])
- 17. Moors fighting Christians in thirteenth-century Spain (The Art Archive/Real Monasterio del Escorial, Spain/Dagli Orti)
- 18. A clash between Frankish and Egyptian forces outside Damietta, June 1218, from Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora c. 1255 (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge [Ms 16 Fol. 54v])
- 19. The capture of the Tower of Chains, August 1218, and the fall of Damietta, November 1219, from Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora c. 1255 (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge)
- 20. Frederick II, emperor, king of Germany 1212–50 (AKG Images)
- 21. Louis IX of France captures Damietta, June 1249, from a manuscript produced at Acre c. 1280 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris [Ms Fr. 2628 Fol. 328v])
- 22. Outremer’s nemesis: mamluk warriors training (British Library, London [Ms Add 18866 Fol. 140])
- 23. Outremer’s nemesis: A Turkish cavalry squadron (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris [Ms Arabe 5847 Fol. 19])
- 24. The battle of La Forbie, October 1244 (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge [Ms 16 Fol. 170])
- 25. Matthew Paris imagines the Mongols as cannibalistic savages, Chronica Majora, c.1255 (Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge [Ms 16 Fol. 166])
- 26. The fall of Tripoli to the Mamluks, April 1289 (British Library, London [Ms Add 27695 Fol. 5])
- 27. Charles V of France entertains Charles IV of Germany during a banquet in Paris in 1378 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris [Ms Fr. 2813 Fol. 473v])
- 28. Andrea Bonaiuti’s fresco ‘The Church Militant’, in Santa Maria Novella, Florence (Scala, Florence)
- 29. The failed Ottoman Turkish siege of Rhodes, 1480 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris [Ms Lat. 6067 Fol. 80v])
- 30. Mehmed II the Conqueror, by Gentile Bellini, 1480/81 (National Gallery, London)
- 31. The battle of Lepanto, 1571 (National Maritime Museum, Greenwich)
- ** List of Maps
- 1. Europe and the Near East at the Time of the First Crusade and Preaching Tour of Pope Urban II 1095–6
- 2. Asia Minor and Syria 1097–99
- 3. The Siege of Antioch, October 1097–June 1098
- 4. Palestine 1099
- 5. The Siege of Jerusalem, June–July 1099
- 6. Syria in the Twelfth Century
- 7. Palestine and Egypt in the Twelfth Century
- 8. Europe and the Near East at the Time of the Second Crusade and Bernard’s Preaching Tour 1146–7
- 9. The Hattin Campaign, July 1187
- 10. Saladin Captures Jerusalem, September–October 1187
- 11. Europe and the Near East at the Time of the Third Crusade
- 12. Syria at the Time of the Third Crusade
- 13. The Siege of Acre 1189
- 14. Richard I Captures Cyprus, May 1191
- 15. Palestine with the Campaigns of 1191–2
- 16. Europe and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century
- 17. Constantinople at the Time of the Fourth Crusade
- 18. Languedoc, France and the Albigensian Crusade
- 19. The Spanish Reconquista
- 20. The Baltic
- 21. Syria in the Thirteenth Century
- 22. Palestine and Egypt in the Thirteenth Century
- 23. Acre in 1291
- 24. Crusades in Europe
Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library
I Tatti Renaissance Library
Loeb Classical Library
Murty Classical Library of India