The Double Helix and the Law of Evidence
- List of Figures*
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- 1. Before DNA: Genetic Markers
- Immunogenetics of the ABO Group
- Is the Theory Generally Accepted?
- More Immunogenetic Markers
- The Thin-Gel-Multisystem Controversy
- 2. Trial by Mathematics
- Inclusions versus Exclusions
- The Admissibility of Percentages and Probabilities
- 3. The Dawn of DNA Typing
- Genes, Chromosomes, DNA, and Sex
- From Protein Polymorphisms to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
- Multilocus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Probes
- The Probability of Individuality
- Forensic Applications
- DNA Evidence circa 1986
- 4. The Emergence of VNTR Profiling
- Into the Courtroom
- The Double Murder and the Handyman
- The Pretrial Hearing
- The Aftermath
- Castro’s Progeny
- 5. The Intensifying Debate over Probability and Population Genetics
- The Aversion to Numbers
- The Validity of the Numbers
- The Match Window
- Allele Frequencies
- The Basic Product Rule for Combining Allele Frequencies
- Threats to Independence
- The Lewontin-Hartl Article
- The National Research Council Speaks
- 6. The Initial Reaction to the 1992 NRC Report
- The Initial Reception of the NRC Report in the Courts
- Hitting the Ceiling
- Evaluating the Population-Genetics Debate
- 7. Ending the Debate over Population Genetics
- Lobbying the Academy
- The NRC Speaks Again
- Simpson Meets His Match
- Boodles and Louder
- The Second NRC Report in the Courts
- 8. Moving Back to Errors and Relatives
- Proficiency Testing and Error Rates
- The Evil Twin and Other Relatives
- 9. Moving On to Short Tandem Repeat Loci
- The Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Early PCR-Based Discrete-Allele Systems
- More PCR-Based Systems: Short Tandem Repeats and Alphabet Soup
- 10. Transcending Race and Unscrambling Mixed Stains
- Deracializing DNA Statistics
- Unscrambling Mixtures
- 11. Outside the Nucleus: Mitochondrial DNA
- The Ordeal of Clara and Emmanuel Rojas
- The Ghost of Corleone
- The Last Tsar
- 12. Stray Hairs
- Ware’s Hair
- Saving Simpson’s Scalp
- A Connecticut Yankee in Court
- An Experiment in Delaware
- 13. Learning from DNA
- Payment
- Selection and Cultivation
- Exposure
- Neutral Expertise
- Other Reforms
- Appendix: Timeline of Selected Developments in or Affecting Forensic Genetics
- Notes
- References
- Cases and Statutes
- Index
- * Figures:
- 3.1 Two ways of representing the DNA double helix
- 3.2 Experiment detects a DNA allele with restriction sites 3.2 kb apart by producing a radioactively tagged 3.2 kb restriction fragment
- 3.3 Experiment detects a DNA allele with an interior restriction site by producing a tagged 1.2 kb fragment
- 3.4 Sketch of an RFLP autorad indicative of a SNP
- 3.5 Schematic diagram of a VNTR locus
- 3.6 Jeffreys’s autoradiograph of the first “DNA fingerprints”
- 4.1 Autoradiograph of restriction fragment length alleles from many loci in seventeen individuals obtained with the 33.15 multilocus probe
- 4.2 Autoradiograph of restriction fragment length alleles at the D2S44 locus for twelve individuals obtained with a single-locus probe
- 9.1 Sketch of an electropherogram for two D16 alleles
- 9.2 Alleles of fifteen STR loci and the amelogenin sex-typing test from the AmpFISTR Identifiler kit
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