- List of Maps*
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Note on Names, Dates, Weights and Measures, and Chinese Characters
-
- Introduction
- History, Time, and Memory
- The Qing Conquests as a World Historical Event
- Introduction
- I. The Formation of the Central Eurasian States
- 1. Environments, State Building, and National Identity
- The Unboundedness of Central Eurasia
- Trade, Transport, and Travel
- The Frontier Zone
- Isolation and Integration
- 2. The Ming, Muscovy, and Siberia, 1400–1600
- The Ming and the Mongols
- State Formation in Muscovy and Russian Expansion
- Siberian and Chinese Frontiers
- 3. Central Eurasian Interactions and the Rise of the Manchus, 1600–1670
- Building the Zunghar State
- The Rise of the Manchus
- Mongolian Influence on the Manchu State
- Early Modern State Building Compared
- 1. Environments, State Building, and National Identity
- II. Contending for Power
- 4. Manchus, Mongols, and Russians in Conflict, 1670–1690
- Kangxi the Ruler
- Galdan’s Intervention
- Kangxi’s First Personal Expedition
- The Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Excluded Middle
- 5. Eating Snow: The End of Galdan, 1690–1697
- The Dolon Nor Assembly
- The Battle of Jao Modo
- The Emperor Rewrites History
- The Final Campaigns and the Fate of Galdan
- 6. Imperial Overreach and Zunghar Survival, 1700–1731
- The Rise of Tsewang Rabdan
- Three Central Eurasian Travelers
- The Penetration of Turkestan and Tibet
- The New Emperor Changes Tack
- 7. The Final Blows, 1734–1771
- Transforming the Barbarians through Trade
- The Death Knell of the Zunghar State
- The Conquest of Turkestan
- The Return of the Torghuts
- 4. Manchus, Mongols, and Russians in Conflict, 1670–1690
- III. The Economic Basis of Empire
- 8. Cannons on Camelback: Ecological Structures and Economic Conjunctures
- Galdan the State Builder
- Nian Gengyao and the Incorporation of Qinghai
- Administering the Frontier
- 9. Land Settlement and Military Colonies
- Deportation from Turfan
- Settlement of Xinjiang
- Colonization and Land Clearance
- Economic Development
- 10. Harvests and Relief
- Harvests and Yields
- Granary Reserves
- The Contribution Scandal
- The Relief Campaign of 1756
- 11. Currency and Commerce
- Money on the Frontier, from Song through Ming
- Integration and Stabilization
- Commerce as a Weapon of War
- Tribute and Frontier Trade
- 8. Cannons on Camelback: Ecological Structures and Economic Conjunctures
- IV. Fixing Frontiers
- 12. Moving through the Land
- Travel and Authority
- Marking Space in Stone
- Maps and Power
- Expanding the Imperial Gaze
- 13. Marking Time: Writing Imperial History
- Kangxi’s Campaign History
- Yongzheng and the Dayi Juemilu
- Qianlong’s Account of the Zunghar Mongols
- A View from the Frontier
- Nomadic Chronicles
- 12. Moving through the Land
- V. Legacies and Implications
- 14. Writing the National History of Conquest
- Statecraft Writers and Empire
- Geopolitics and Emperor Worship
- Chinese Historians and the Multicultural State
- Soviet and Mongolian Attacks on Qing Aggression
- Empires, Nations, and Peoples
- 15. State Building in Europe and Asia
- The Political Ecology of Frontier Conquest
- European, Chinese, and Inner Asian Models
- Theories of Nomadic Empires
- Rethinking the Qing in the World
- 16. Frontier Expansion in the Rise and Fall of the Qing
- The End of the Qing State
- Northwest and Southern Frontiers
- The Negotiated State
- Commercialization and Regionalization
- 14. Writing the National History of Conquest
- Appendixes
- A. Rulers and Reigns
- B. The Yongzheng Emperor Reels from the News of the Disaster, 1731
- C. Haggling at the Border
- D. Gansu Harvests and Yields
- E. Climate and Harvests in the Northwest
- Abbreviations
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Illustration Credits
- Index
- * Maps
- 1. The Qing empire, ca. 1800
- 2. The Zunghar empire
- 3. Ecological zones of Eurasia
- 4. Tribal peoples and Russian settlements in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
- 5. The Sino–Russian frontier
- 6. The Kangxi emperor’s Zunghar campaigns, 1690–1697
- 7. The Qianlong emperor’s western campaigns, 1755–1760
- 8a. Grain price integration in Gansu, 1739–1864
- 8b. Grain price integration in Gansu with famine years omitted, 1739–1864
- 9. Grain price integration in Xinjiang, 1777–1860
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