- List of Tables and Figures*
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- I. Caucasians and Race in Imperial Japan
- 1. Racism, Race Consciousness, and Imperial Japan
- A Normative Racism
- Aspects of Race Consciousness in Imperial Japan
- Sources of Cognitive Dissonance
- 2. Privilege and Prejudice: Being a Westerner in Imperial Japan
- Early Foreign Settlements
- The Yokohama Community
- Ornaments in Isolation: The Frank and Balk Families
- Class Insularity at Western Resorts
- 3. Handling the Other Within: Approaches to Preemptive Containment (1939–41)
- Direct and Indirect Forms of Containment
- Japan’s “Jewish Problem” and the Kobe Community
- A Repressed, Mobilized Christianity
- 1. Racism, Race Consciousness, and Imperial Japan
- II. Lives in Limbo: Wartime Containment in the Wake of Pearl Harbor
- 4. First Responses and Containment Protocols after Pearl Harbor (1941–43)
- A New Taxonomy of Foreigners
- Temporary Detentions of Suspicious Enemy Nationals
- Enemy Diplomatic Staff under House Arrest
- Racialized Others: Jews and Asians
- 5. Watched and Unseen: Nonenemy Nationals after Pearl Harbor (1941–43)
- Fracture and Emotional Conflict
- Withdrawal and Invisibility
- Japanese Ambivalence and Antiforeign Sentiment
- 6. Fleeing for the Hills: Evacuee Communities in Hakone and Karuizawa (1943–45)
- “Running Smoothly” in Gora
- Karuizawa: A “Strange Miniature Babel”
- 4. First Responses and Containment Protocols after Pearl Harbor (1941–43)
- III. Lives behind Walls: Japan’s Treatment of Enemy Civilians
- 7. From Humiliation to Hunger: The Internment of Enemy Nationals (1941–45)
- Camp Administration
- The Initial Roundup (1941–42)
- Stringency and Privation (1942–45)
- 8. Torture and Testimony: The Incarceration of Suspected Spies (1944–45)
- Interrogation
- Trial and Imprisonment
- Death and Liberation
- 9. Race War? On Japanese Pragmatism and Racial Ambivalence
- The Failure of Propaganda
- Continuity and Change Following the Surrender
- 7. From Humiliation to Hunger: The Internment of Enemy Nationals (1941–45)
- Epilogue
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Index
- * Tables and Figures
- Tables
- 4.1. Populations of select enemy nationals in Japan on December 8, 1941
- 4.2. Populations of select other foreign nationals in Japan on June 30, 1942
- 4.3. Unofficial taxonomy of resident Western civilians in wartime Japan
- 7.1. Foreigners interned at the start of the war
- 7.2. Daily rations at seven civilian internment camps
- 7.3. Resident enemy nationals interned at the end of the war, excluding certain civilians and interned Germans
- 8.1. Foreign civilians in custody for suspicion of violating the National Defense Security Law and/or Military Secrets Protection Law as of July 1, 1945
- Figures
- 0.1. Map of Japan
- 2.1. Yokohama meisai no zenzu (Detailed map of Yokohama), 1873
- 2.2. The Apcar home on the Bluff, 1923
- 2.3. Michael, Araxe, Diana, and Ruth Apcar, 1928
- 2.4. Louis, Ludy, Amy, and Hugo Frank, Otaru, 1918
- 2.5 Louis, Amy, Hugo, and Ludy Frank with friends, Sapporo, 1920s
- 2.6. Hugo and Ludy Frank, Sapporo, 1920s
- 2.7. Saint Joseph International College, ca. 1935
- 2.8. Hugo, Louis, Amy, and Ludy Frank, Kamakura, 1934
- 2.9. Louis Frank in his laboratory, Kōfu, 1938
- 2.10. Arvid Balk, 1934
- 2.11. Marie-Elise and Max Pestalozzi, ca. 1943
- 2.12. Downtown Karuizawa, Taishō period
- 3.1. Wilfrid Fleisher with Foreign Minister Matsuoka Y&omcar;suke
- 4.1. Kondō Hidezō, “Sei-Jigoku” (Living hell), 1941
- 6.1. The Hugo Frank family at the Fujiya Hotel in Gora, summer 1944
- 6.2. The Haar family with maids in Karuizawa, June 1944
- 6.3. The Haars at nursery school in Karuizawa, August 1944
- 7.1. ICRC representatives Fritz Paravicini and Max Pestalozzi inspecting a camp in Ōmori
- 9.1. Yasumoto Ryōichi, Amerika no baai: Kari dasareru kurowashi (In America: Black eagles sent off to hunt), 1943
- 9.2. Yasumoto Ryōichi, Makoto ni kami wo osorezaru mono (Really, these guys don’t scare God), 1943
- 9.3. Kondō Hidezō, Kami ikari (God’s wrath), 1944
- Tables
Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library
I Tatti Renaissance Library
Loeb Classical Library
Murty Classical Library of India