Value-Focused Thinking

I. Concepts
- 1. Thinking about Values
  - 1.1 Value-Focused Thinking
  - 1.2 Creating Alternatives
  - 1.3 Identifying Decision Opportunities
  - 1.4 Thinking about Values
  - 1.5 The Uses of Value-Focused Thinking
- 2. The Framework of Value-Focused Thinking
  - 2.1 Framing a Decision Situation
  - 2.2 Fundamental Objectives
  - 2.3 The Decision Context
  - 2.4 Guiding Strategic Thinking and Action
  - 2.5 The Framework
  - 2.6 Comparing Alternative-Focused and Value-Focused Thinking
  - 2.7 Ethics and Value Neutrality
II. Foundations
- 3. Identifying and Structuring Objectives
  - 3.1 Identifying Objectives
  - 3.2 Identifying Fundamental Objectives
  - 3.3 Structures of Objectives
  - 3.4 How to Structure Objectives
  - 3.5 Desirable Properties of Fundamental Objectives
  - 3.6 Relating Objectives Hierarchies and Objectives Networks
  - 3.7 Incomplete Objectives Hierarchies and Networks
  - 3.8 Objectives Hierarchies for Groups
- 4. Measuring the Achievement of Objectives
  - 4.1 The Concept of an Attribute
  - 4.2 The Types of Attributes
  - 4.3 Developing Constructed Attributes
  - 4.4 Use of Proxy Attributes
  - 4.5 Desirable Properties of Attributes
  - 4.6 The Decision of Selecting Attributes
  - 4.7 Connecting Decision Situations with Attributes
- 5. Quantifying Objectives with a Value Model
  - 5.1 Building a Value Model
  - 5.2 Multiple-Objective Value Models
  - 5.3 Single-Objective Value Models
  - 5.4 Prioritizing Objectives
  - 5.5 The Art of Assessing Value Models
  - 5.6 Issues to Consider in Value Assessments
III. Uses
- 6. Uncovering Hidden Objectives
  - 6.1 Insights from Attributes
  - 6.2 Insights from Violations of Independence Assumptions
  - 6.3 Insights from Value Tradeoffs
  - 6.4 Insights from Single-Attribute Objective Functions
  - 6.5 Insights from Multiple Value Assessments
- 7. Creating Alternatives for a Single Decisionmaker
  - 7.1 Counteracting Cognitive Biases
  - 7.2 Use of Objectives
  - 7.3 Use of Strategic Objectives
  - 7.4 Focus on High-Value Alternatives
  - 7.5 Use of Evaluated Alternatives
  - 7.6 Generic Alternatives
  - 7.7 Coordinated Alternatives
  - 7.8 Process Alternatives
  - 7.9 Removing Constraints
  - 7.10 Better Utilization of Resources
  - 7.11 Screening to Identify Good Alternatives
  - 7.12 Alternatives for a Series of Similar Decisions
- 8. Creating Alternatives for Multiple Decisionmakers
  - 8.1 Pleasing Other Stakeholders
  - 8.2 Stakeholder Influence on Your Consequences
  - 8.3 Clarifying Stakeholder Values for Group Decisions
  - 8.4 Creating Alternatives for Negotiations
- 9. Identifying Decision Opportunities
  - 9.1 Use of Strategic Objectives
  - 9.2 Use of Resources Available
  - 9.3 A Broader Decision Context
  - 9.4 Monitoring Achievement
  - 9.5 Establishing a Process
  - 9.6 Negotiating for Your Side and for the Other Side
  - 9.7 Being in the Right Place at the Right Time
  - 9.8 When You Have No Idea about What to Do
- 10. Insights for the Decisionmaking Process
  - 10.1 Guiding Information Collection
  - 10.2 Evaluating Alternatives
  - 10.3 Interconnecting Decisions
  - 10.4 Improving Communication
  - 10.5 Facilitating Involvement in Multiple-Stakeholder Decisions
  - 10.6 Guiding Strategic Thinking
IV. Applications
- 11. Selected Applications
  - 11.1 NASA Leadership in Space
  - 11.2 Transporting Nuclear Waste
  - 11.3 Research on Climate Change
  - 11.4 Air Pollution in Los Angeles
  - 11.5 Design of Integrated Circuit Testers
  - 11.6 Collaborating on a Book
- 12. Value-Focused Thinking at British Columbia Hydra
  - 12.1 Identification and Structuring of the Strategic Objectives
  - 12.2 First Revision of the Strategic Objectives and the Preliminary Attributes
  - 12.3 Current Version of the Strategic Objectives and Attributes
  - 12.4 The Quantitative Value Assessment
  - 12.5 Insights from the Value Assessment
  - 12.6 Decision Opportunities
- 13. Value-Focused Thinking for My Decisions
  - 13.1 Strategic Objectives for Life
  - 13.2 Guiding Involvement in Professional Activities
  - 13.3 Decisions about Health and Safety
  - 13.4 Professional Decisions
  - 13.5 Personal Decisions
  - 13.6 Value-Focused Thinking and You
References
Index of Applications and Examples
General Index

A Path to Creative Decisionmaking

Ralph L. Keeney

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