- List of Tables and Figures*
- Editors’ Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Summary
- Özet
- Abbreviations
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Excavation Coins as Evidence of the Economy and Trade
- 2.1. The Lydian Period
- 2.2. The Hellenistic Era: The Late Fourth to Early Third Century BC
- 2.2.1. Sardis as a Seleucid Mint: The Third and Second Centuries BC
- 2.2.2. The Problem of the Opening of the Civic Mint for Bronze Coins at Sardis
- 2.3. The Early Imperial Era: Augustus to the Second Century
- 2.4. The Third Century
- 2.5. The Fourth Century
- 2.5.1. Recalls, Primary Deposits, or Residuals?
- 2.5.2. AACL/1000 for Fourth- and Fifth-Century Coins at Sardis
- 2.6. The Fifth Century and Coin Circulation
- 2.7. The Byzantine Period: The Sixth through Thirteenth Centuries
- 2.7.1. The Sixth Century
- 2.7.2. The Seventh Century
- 2.7.3. Late Seventh and Eighth Centuries
- 2.7.4. The Ninth through Thirteenth Centuries
- 3. Archaeological Contexts of Note
- 3.1. Lydian Contexts
- 3.2. Late Fourth-/Early Third- to Second-Century BC Deposits
- 3.2.1. PN Destruction Deposit
- 3.2.2. Other Early Hellenistic Deposits
- 3.2.3. Theater Deposits
- 3.2.4. Second-Century BC Deposits
- 3.3. Early Imperial Contexts
- 3.3.1. The Votive Deposit in Field 49
- 3.3.2. The Wadi B Temple
- 3.4. Grave Gifts
- 3.4.1. Hellenistic Burials
- 3.4.2. Early to High Imperial Burials
- 3.4.3. Late Roman Burials
- 3.5. Late Roman Contexts: The Fourth and Fifth Centuries
- 3.5.1. Fourth-Century Contexts
- 3.5.2. Fifth-Century Contexts
- 3.6. Byzantine Contexts: The Sixth through Early Seventh Centuries
- 3.7. Coins Used as Amulets
- 3.8. Hoards
- Appendices
- 1. Countermarks
- 2. Monograms and Control Marks
- 3. Reverse Descriptions of Late Roman Bronzes
- 4. Statistical Analysis Formulas
- Catalogue of the Coins
- Lydian through Roman Coins
- Late Roman Coins
- Byzantine Coins
- Bibliography
- Concordance of Field Numbers/M13 Numbers
- Index of Names/Geographical Places
- General Index
- Plates
- * List of Tables and Figures
- Tables
- Table 2.1. Comparison of suggested denominations, Hellenistic period, Sardis mint.
- Table 2.2. Byzantine mint production and representation of the mints at Sardis.
- Table 3.1. Coins in the PN Domestic Unit XIX and XX Hoard.
- Table 3.2. Coins from Hellenistic trash midden, MMS/S 94.2.
- Table 3.3. Coins in soil layer within fill, ByzFort 91.17.
- Table 3.4. Coins from Field 49 09.1: earthquake cleanup.
- Table 3.5. Coins from Early Roman fills in Field 49.
- Table 3.6. Coins from the terrace fill for the Wadi B Temple.
- Table 3.7. First- and second-century coins found in the excavations of the Wadi B Temple.
- Table 3.8. Imperial tomb groups containing coins.
- Table 3.9. Late Roman and Byzantine grave gifts of coins.
- Table 3.10a. 4th c. Deposit 1: Room 7 of the Late Roman Townhouse, packing.
- Table 3.10b. 4th c. Deposit 2: Room 6 of the Late Roman Townhouse, under tile floor.
- Table 3.10c. 4th c. Deposit 3: Room (Corridor) 4 of the Late Roman Townhouse.
- Table 3.10d. 4th c. Deposit 4: Closure of drain and latrine complex under the lower mosaic of the south portico of MMS/N plaza.
- Table 3.11a. 5th c. Deposit 1: Bedding of the lower mosaic of the south portico of MMS/N plaza.
- Table 3.11b. 5th c. Deposit 2: Late Roman Townhouse, Room 10 hydraulic feature.
- Table 3.11c. 5th c. Deposit 3: Late Roman Townhouse, Room 3, sealed beneath tile floor.
- Table 3.11d. 5th c. Deposit 4: House west of the Late Roman Townhouse, floor.
- Table 3.11e. 5th c. Deposit 5: Late Roman Townhouse, Room 23, packing for floor.
- Table 3.11f. 5th c. Deposit 6: Mosaic bedding from the Late Roman domestic complex in PN.
- Table 3.11g. 5th c. Deposit 7: Late Roman building complex, under floor.
- Table 3.11h. 5th c. Deposit 8: Roman building, floor with Hoard 4 underneath.
- Table 3.12a. 6/7th c. Deposit 1: Late Roman Townhouse, Room 3, under plaster bedding for floor.
- Table 3.12b. 6/7th c. Deposit 2: MMS-II 85.1 well.
- Table 3.12c. 6/7th c. Deposit 3: Bedding of the upper mosaic of the south portico of MMS/N plaza.
- Table 3.12d. 6/7th c. Deposit 4: Tile fall on top of the upper mosaic of the south portico of MMS/N plaza.
- Table 3.13. Hoard 1: Late Roman Townhouse, Room 10.
- Table 3.14. Hoard 8: Field 49 11.1.
- Table 3.15. Comparative hoards of copper-alloy coins closed in mid- to late fifth or early sixth century from the eastern Mediterranean.
- Table App. 1.1. Countermarks on Hellenistic coins.
- Table App. 1.2. Countermarks on Seleucid coins.
- Table App. 1.3. Countermarks on Roman Provincial coins.
- Table App. 2.1. Monograms on Hellenistic city coins.
- Table App. 2.2. Seleucid control marks.
- Table App. 2.3. Late Roman monograms.
- Table App. 2.4. Lead seals.
- Table App. 3.1a. Reverse types, 324–348 AD.
- Table App. 3.1b. Reverse types, 324–364 AD.
- Table App. 3.1c. Reverse types, 364–450 AD.
- Table App. 3.1d. Reverse types, 450–498 AD.
- Table App. 4.1. Periodization for AACL/1000 calculations.
- Table App. 4.2a. Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test results for “normal” cities, periods 1–8.
- Table App. 4.2b. Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test results for “normal” cities, periods 9–17.
- Figures (Plates 7–19)
- Figure 1.1. Map of Sardis.
- Figure 2.1. Average Annual Coin Loss/1000 for cities in the Roman East, Augustus through the Tetrarchy, all cities tested with Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test.
- Figure 2.2. Average Annual Coin Loss/1000 for cities in the Roman East, Augustus through the Tetrarchy, cities with “normal” profile.
- Figure 2.3. Average Annual Coin Loss/1000 for cities in the Roman East, Late Roman to Early Byzantine periods, all cities tested with Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test.
- Figure 2.4. Average Annual Coin Loss/1000 for cities in the Roman East, Late Roman through Early Byzantine periods, cities with “normal” profile.
- Figure 2.5. Comparative cities for Average Annual Coin Loss/1000 calculations.
- Figure 2.6. Distribution of mints represented in the Sardis excavation coins, end of the fourth to beginning of the third century BC, with major roads.
- Figure 2.7. Distribution of mints represented in the Sardis excavation coins, ca. 280–200 BC.
- Figure 2.8. Distribution of mints represented in the Sardis excavation coins, 200–100 BC.
- Figure 2.9. Distribution of mints represented in the Sardis excavation coins, 100–31 BC.
- Figure 2.10. Diameters of Herakles/Apollo and Apollo/club coins in millimeters.
- Figure 2.11. Weight of Herakles/Apollo and Apollo/club coins in grams.
- Figure 2.12. Weights of Seleucid bronze issues from Sardis and Pergamum, compared to Herakles/Apollo and Apollo/club bronzes.
- Figure 2.13. Comparison of diameters of Seleucid and Attalid coins, with Herakles/Apollo and Apollo/club bronzes.
- Figure 2.14. Distribution of mints represented in the Sardis excavation coins, Augustan era.
- Figure 2.15. Distribution of mints represented in the Sardis excavation coins, Julio-Claudian and Flavian eras.
- Figure 2.16. Distribution of mints represented in the Sardis excavation coins, first half of the second century AD.
- Figure 2.17. Distribution of mints represented in the Sardis excavation coins, second half of the second century AD.
- Figure 2.18. Distribution of mints represented in the Sardis excavation coins, 200–270 AD.
- Figure 2.19. Percentages of coins from mints of Justin II from the Sardis excavation coins.
- Figure 3.1. Percentage of coins from unstratified (NoEx) and stratified contexts in Sardis.
- Figure 3.2. Schematic layout of graves in HoB Mausoleum, with grave gifts and coins.
- Figure 3.3. Mean Coin Date of fourth- to early seventh-century deposits: percentage of coins in deposit falling below the MCD.
- Figure 3.4. Percentages of coins by minting date from contexts in MMS/N.
- Figure 3.5. Percentages of coins by minting dates from fifth-century hoards at Sardis.
- Tables